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Santhal rebellion
The Santhal rebellion (sometimes referred to as the Sonthal rebellion), commonly known as Santal Hool was a native rebellion in present day Jharkhand, in eastern India against both the British colonial authority and upper caste zamindari system by the Santal people. It started on June 30, 1855 and on November 10, 1855 martial law was proclaimed which lasted until January 3, 1856 when martial law was suspended and the movement was brutally ended by troops loyal to the British. The rebellion was led by the four Murmu Brothers - Seedo, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav.〔https://web.archive.org/web/20111026053131/http://www.historytution.com/early-resistance-british_rule/santhal_rebellion_%281855-1856%29.html〕
==Background of the rebellion==
The uprising of the Santals began as a Tribal reaction to racism and corrupt usury moneylending practices, and the zamindari system and their operatives, in the tribal belt of what was then known as the Bengal Presidency. It was a revolt against the oppressive environment propagated by the colonial rule through a distorted revenue system and kept alive by the local zamindars, the police and the courts of the legal system set up by the British.〔India's Struggle for Independence - Bipan Chandra, Pg41〕
Before the advent of the British in India, Santals resided in the hilly districts of Manbhum, Barabhum, Chhotanagpur, Palamau, and Birbhum. They engaged in their agrarian way of life by clearing the forest and also by hunting for subsistence. But as the agents of the new colonial rule claimed their rights on the lands of the Santals, they retreated to reside in the hills of Rajmahal. After a brief period, the British operatives along with their native counterparts, i.e., the local upper caste landlords and zamindars jointly started claiming their rights in this new land as well. The Santals felt cheated and were revealed unintentionally. Many Santal tribes were turned into bonded labourers. Zamindars and the money lenders who first appeared to them as businessmen and traders and had allured them first by goods lent to them on loans. However hard a Santal tried to repay these loans, they never ended. In fact through corrupt practices of the money lenders, the compound interest accumulated on the principal amount of the loan multiplied to large sum, an amount (for repaying) which an entire generation of an indigent Santal family had to work as slaves. This dispossession turned the Santals into rebels and finally they took an oath to launch an attack on the most visible symbol of authority, i.e., the British.
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